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Advanced Topics & Appendices

कंप्यूटर ज्ञान (Part 2) (Abbreviations, Logic Gates & Cybersecurity)

CG परीक्षा मित्र Special Edition. Covers the remaining crucial topics: Computer Abbreviations, Function Keys, E-Banking, Hacking, Logic Gates, Computer Codes, and Excel Formulas for comprehensive exam preparation.

1. Most Important Computer Abbreviations

AbbreviationFull FormKey Point
BIOSBasic Input Output SystemFirmware in ROM; loads OS.
HTTP / HTTPSHyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure)Protocol for web data transfer (HTTPS uses SSL).
URLUniform Resource LocatorWeb address.
TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol / Internet ProtocolBasic internet communication protocol.
LAN / WANLocal Area Network / Wide Area NetworkLAN: Small network / WAN: Large network.
VPNVirtual Private NetworkSecure, encrypted connection (tunnel).
DNSDomain Name SystemConverts domain names to IP addresses.
DBMS / RDBMSDatabase Management System / Relational DBMSSoftware for managing databases.
GUI / CLIGraphical User Interface / Command Line InterfaceUser-friendly interface / Text-based interface.
SSD / HDDSolid State Drive / Hard Disk DriveFlash memory storage (faster) / Magnetic disk.
AI / MLArtificial Intelligence / Machine LearningMachines simulating human intelligence / Systems learn automatically.
SMTP / POP3 / IMAPSimple Mail Transfer Protocol / Post Office Protocol v3 / Internet Message Access ProtocolSending emails / Receiving emails (downloads) / Managing emails on server.
CAD / CAMComputer-Aided Design / Computer-Aided ManufacturingDesigning with computer tools / Manufacturing automation.

2. Function Keys & Important Shortcuts

Function Keys (F1 - F12)

  • F1: Opens Help (in most applications)
  • F2: Rename selected file/folder
  • F3: Opens search (Windows Explorer/MS Word)
  • F4: Alt + F4 Close current window
  • F5: Refresh (Windows, Browsers)
  • F6: Moves cursor to address bar (browser)
  • F7: Spell & Grammar check (MS Word)
  • F8: Boot menu (Windows startup)
  • F9: Refresh document (MS Word), Recalculate (MS Excel)
  • F10: Activates menu bar (Shift + F10 = Right-click)
  • F11: Full-screen mode (browser, MS Excel)
  • F12: Save As dialog box (MS Word/Excel)

Important Windows & Office Shortcuts

Ctrl + C / X / V: Copy / Cut / Paste
Ctrl + Z / Y: Undo / Redo
Ctrl + A / S / P: Select All / Save / Print
Ctrl + F / H: Find / Find & Replace
Ctrl + N / O: New File / Open File
Alt + Tab: Switch applications
Win + D: Show Desktop
Win + E: Open File Explorer
Win + R: Open Run dialog box
Win + L: Lock the computer
Win + M: Minimize all windows
Shift + Delete: Permanently delete file

3. E-Banking & Payment Systems

E-Banking refers to using electronic channels like Internet, Mobile, ATMs, and Payment Gateways to provide banking services.

NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer)

  • Launched by: RBI (2005)
  • Mode: Batch-wise settlement (hourly batches)
  • Limit: No minimum, no maximum
  • Availability: 24x7 since Dec 2019

RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement)

  • Launched by: RBI (2004)
  • Mode: Instant settlement (gross basis)
  • Limit: Minimum 2 lakh, no upper limit
  • Availability: 24x7 since Dec 2020

IMPS (Immediate Payment Service)

  • Launched by: NPCI (2010)
  • Mode: Instant, 24x7 transfer
  • Limit: Upto 5 lakh (as per RBI)
  • Use: Quick retail transfers, mobile banking

NPCI (National Payments Corporation of India)

Established in 2008 by RBI & IBA. Objective is to create a robust retail payment and settlement system in India. Major Products: UPI (launched 2016), IMPS, RuPay Card, Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS), AEPS, NACH. ECS is being replaced by NACH under NPCI.

4. Hacking, Hackers & Cybersecurity

Types of Hackers

White Hat Ethical; Improves security (authorized).
Black Hat Malicious; Illegal hacking for personal gain.
Grey Hat Explores without permission, but not always harmful.
Red Hat Vigilante; Attacks black-hat hackers.
Blue Hat External tester before product release.
Script Kiddie Amateur; Uses pre-made tools to hack.

Types of Attacks & Concepts

  • Phishing: Fake websites/emails to steal credentials.
  • Spoofing: Impersonating a trusted entity (IP, email, website).
  • Snooping: Unauthorized monitoring of network traffic or data.
  • Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS): Flooding servers with traffic to crash them (Botnets used).
  • SQL Injection: Malicious SQL code into database queries (Exploiting login forms).
  • Firewall: Security system that filters incoming & outgoing traffic based on rules. Can be Hardware or Software.

5. Computer Codes, Number System & Logic Gates

Number System

  • Decimal (Base 10): Digits 0-9 (Ex: 145)
  • Binary (Base 2): Digits 0, 1 (Ex: 1010)
  • Octal (Base 8): Digits 0-7 (Ex: 725)
  • Hexadecimal (Base 16): Digits 0-9, A-F (Ex: 2A)

Computer Codes

  • BCD: Binary Coded Decimal (4 bits per digit).
  • EBCDIC: Extended BCD Interchange Code (8 bits, IBM Mainframes).
  • ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange (7 or 8 bits).
  • Unicode: Universal Code (16 bits, supports world languages/emojis).
  • ISCII: Indian Script Code (8 bits, Devanagari, Tamil, etc.).

Logic Gates & Truth Tables

Logic Gates are basic building blocks of digital circuits, taking binary inputs to produce binary outputs.

Inputs (A, B)AND (All=1)OR (Any=1)NAND (Not AND)NOR (Not OR)XOR (Diff)XNOR (Same)
0, 0001101
0, 1011010
1, 0011010
1, 1110001

Note: NOT gate inverts the input (0 to 1, 1 to 0). NAND and NOR are Universal Gates.

6. MS Excel Formulas & Functions

A formula is an expression used to calculate values in Excel. Every formula starts with =.

FunctionSyntaxUse
SUM=SUM(A1:A10)Adds values in a range.
AVERAGE=AVERAGE(A1:A10)Finds mean of values.
MIN / MAX=MIN(A1:A10) / =MAX(A1:A10)Smallest/Largest value in range.
COUNT / COUNTA=COUNT(A1:A10) / =COUNTA(...)Counts numeric entries / nonempty cells.
ROUND=ROUND(A1,2)Rounds value to specified digits.
NOW / TODAY=NOW() / =TODAY()Displays current date & time / date only.
IF=IF(A1>50, "Pass", "Fail")Returns one value if condition is true, another if false.
AND / OR / NOT=AND(cond1, cond2)Logical operations.
VLOOKUP=VLOOKUP(val, table, col, FALSE)Searches vertically in a table.
HLOOKUP=HLOOKUP(val, table, row, FALSE)Searches horizontally in a table.
INDEX / MATCH=INDEX(...) / =MATCH(...)Returns value from row/col / Returns position.
XLOOKUP=XLOOKUP(val, array, return)Modern replacement of VLOOKUP & HLOOKUP.
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अभ्यास प्रश्न #1 CGPSC / CG Vyapam Standard (+2.0, -0.66)

प्र. 1: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक "इम्पैक्ट प्रिंटर (Impact Printer)" का उदाहरण है जो रिबन पर प्रहार करके छपाई करता है?

अभ्यास प्रश्न #2 CGPSC / CG Vyapam Standard (+2.0, -0.66)

प्र. 2: कंप्यूटर मेमोरी पदानुक्रम (Memory Hierarchy) में सबसे तेज गति की मेमोरी कौन-सी होती है?

अभ्यास प्रश्न #3 CGPSC / CG Vyapam Standard (+2.0, -0.66)

प्र. 3: MS Excel में किसी भी फॉर्मूला (Formula) की शुरुआत अनिवार्य रूप से किस चिन्ह से होती है?

अभ्यास प्रश्न #4 CGPSC / CG Vyapam Standard (+2.0, -0.66)

प्र. 4: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक "ओपन सोर्स ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (Open Source OS)" है?

अभ्यास प्रश्न #5 CGPSC / CG Vyapam Standard (+2.0, -0.66)

प्र. 5: इंटरनेट सुरक्षा में "फ़ायरवॉल (Firewall)" का मुख्य कार्य क्या है?

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